{"id":24936,"date":"2026-09-10T11:11:24","date_gmt":"2026-09-10T08:11:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eprime.md\/demo-cum-functioneaza-panourile-solare\/"},"modified":"2026-09-10T11:11:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T08:11:24","slug":"demo-cum-functioneaza-panourile-solare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eprime.md\/ru\/demo-cum-functioneaza-panourile-solare\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0414\u0415\u041c\u041e \u2014 Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 panourile solare (\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 panourile solare: de la lumin\u0103 la priza din cas\u0103<\/h1>\n<p>Un panou solar transform\u0103 lumina \u00een curent electric f\u0103r\u0103 piese \u00een mi\u0219care, f\u0103r\u0103 zgomot \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 combustibil. Sun\u0103 simplu, dar \u00eentre fotonul care love\u0219te sticla \u0219i becul care se aprinde sunt cinci pa\u0219i \u0219i cel pu\u021bin \u0219ase componente, iar de fiecare dintre ele depinde c\u00e2t\u0103 energie ajunge efectiv \u00een cas\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Mai jos explic\u0103m mecanismul pas cu pas \u0219i, spre deosebire de textele generale, punem cifre pentru Republica Moldova: c\u00e2t produce un kilowat instalat la Chi\u0219in\u0103u, la B\u0103l\u021bi \u0219i la Cahul, c\u00e2t se pierde dac\u0103 acoperi\u0219ul nu este spre sud \u0219i de ce iarna produc\u021bia scade de aproape patru ori.<\/p>\n<h2>Pe scurt: drumul energiei \u00een cinci pa\u0219i<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Panourile capteaz\u0103 lumina.<\/strong> Celulele de siliciu produc curent continuu (DC) at\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t cade lumin\u0103 pe ele \u2014 inclusiv pe timp \u00eennorat, doar c\u0103 mai pu\u021bin.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Invertorul transform\u0103 curentul.<\/strong> Curentul continuu devine curent alternativ (AC) la 230 V sau 400 V, sincronizat cu re\u021beaua.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consumul propriu are prioritate.<\/strong> Frigiderul, pompa, aerul condi\u021bionat iau energia direct de la soare, \u00een momentul producerii.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Surplusul pleac\u0103 mai departe.<\/strong> Ce nu se consum\u0103 pe loc intr\u0103 \u00een re\u021bea prin contorul bidirec\u021bional sau se \u00eencarc\u0103 \u00een acumulator, dac\u0103 sistemul are unul.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Deficitul se acoper\u0103 din alt\u0103 parte.<\/strong> Noaptea \u0219i pe vreme \u00eenchis\u0103 casa ia energie din re\u021bea sau din acumulator.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Tot ce urmeaz\u0103 detaliaz\u0103 ace\u0219ti cinci pa\u0219i.<\/p>\n<h2>Efectul fotovoltaic: de ce siliciul produce curent<\/h2>\n<p>Panoul nu \u201eacumuleaz\u0103 c\u0103ldur\u0103\u201d \u0219i nu are leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu panourile solare termice care \u00eenc\u0103lzesc apa. El func\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe <strong>efectul fotovoltaic<\/strong>: lumina elibereaz\u0103 sarcini electrice \u00eentr-un material semiconductor.<\/p>\n<p>O celul\u0103 fotovoltaic\u0103 este o felie sub\u021bire de siliciu format\u0103 din dou\u0103 straturi cu propriet\u0103\u021bi diferite:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>stratul de tip N<\/strong> \u2014 cu exces de electroni;<\/li>\n<li><strong>stratul de tip P<\/strong> \u2014 cu deficit de electroni, adic\u0103 cu \u201egoluri\u201d;<\/li>\n<li><strong>jonc\u021biunea p-n<\/strong> \u2014 grani\u021ba dintre ele, unde se formeaz\u0103 un c\u00e2mp electric permanent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u00e2nd un foton love\u0219te celula, el cedeaz\u0103 energie unui electron \u0219i \u00eel scoate din leg\u0103tura sa. C\u00e2mpul electric de la jonc\u021biune nu \u00eei las\u0103 pe electroni s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 haotic: \u00eei \u00eempinge \u00eentr-o singur\u0103 direc\u021bie. Deplasarea ordonat\u0103 a electronilor <strong>este<\/strong> curentul electric. At\u00e2t timp c\u00e2t cade lumin\u0103, curentul curge; se face \u00eentuneric \u2014 curentul se opre\u0219te instantaneu. Panoul nu are ce s\u0103 \u201econsume\u201d \u0219i nu are piese care se uzeaz\u0103 prin mi\u0219care.<\/p>\n<p>Un panou con\u021bine zeci de astfel de celule legate \u00een serie, iar tensiunea lor se adun\u0103. De aceea la ie\u0219irea unui panou nu sunt frac\u021biuni de volt, ci zeci de vol\u021bi.<\/p>\n<h3>Celule de tip P \u0219i de tip N: ce conteaz\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat<\/h3>\n<p>Pe pia\u021b\u0103 exist\u0103 panouri cu celule de tip P \u0219i de tip N. Cele de tip N au de regul\u0103 randament mai mare \u0219i degradare mai lent\u0103 \u00een timp. Dar tipul celulei este <strong>un singur criteriu din cinci<\/strong>, iar \u00een practic\u0103 ceilal\u021bi patru c\u00e2nt\u0103resc mai mult: garan\u021bia real\u0103 a produc\u0103torului, condi\u021biile de montaj, comportamentul la umbr\u0103 par\u021bial\u0103 \u0219i raportul dintre pre\u021b \u0219i produc\u021bie pe durata de via\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<h2>Invertorul: piesa de care depinde mai mult dec\u00e2t de panouri<\/h2>\n<p>Panourile produc curent continuu. Re\u021beaua \u0219i aparatele din cas\u0103 lucreaz\u0103 cu curent alternativ. Invertorul face aceast\u0103 conversie \u2014 \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103 trei lucruri pe care le observ\u0103 doar cine se uit\u0103 la cifre:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>urm\u0103re\u0219te punctul de putere maxim\u0103 (MPPT).<\/strong> Tensiunea optim\u0103 a unui \u0219ir de panouri se schimb\u0103 cu lumina \u0219i cu temperatura de mai multe ori pe minut. Invertorul o caut\u0103 continuu. Un invertor cu mai multe intr\u0103ri MPPT permite montarea panourilor pe pante cu orient\u0103ri diferite f\u0103r\u0103 ca cea mai slab\u0103 s\u0103 trag\u0103 \u00een jos \u00eentregul \u0219ir;<\/li>\n<li><strong>sincronizeaz\u0103 faza cu re\u021beaua<\/strong> \u0219i se deconecteaz\u0103 automat la dispari\u021bia tensiunii, ca electricianul care lucreaz\u0103 pe linie s\u0103 nu fie pus \u00een pericol;<\/li>\n<li><strong>raporteaz\u0103 produc\u021bia<\/strong> \u2014 de aici vin cifrele din aplica\u021bia de monitorizare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>On-grid sau hibrid: decizia care nu se mai poate schimba<\/h3>\n<p>Aceasta este cea mai scump\u0103 gre\u0219eal\u0103 posibil\u0103 la etapa de proiect.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Invertorul on-grid<\/strong> lucreaz\u0103 doar cu re\u021beaua. Este mai ieftin \u0219i mai simplu. La el <strong>nu se poate conecta fizic un acumulator<\/strong> \u2014 nici acum, nici peste trei ani.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Invertorul hibrid<\/strong> poate lucra \u0219i cu acumulator, \u0219i cu re\u021beaua. Cost\u0103 mai mult la \u00eenceput, dar las\u0103 u\u0219a deschis\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Consecin\u021ba practic\u0103: dac\u0103 la avarie \u00een re\u021bea vre\u021bi ca lumina s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 aprins\u0103, iar sistemul a fost f\u0103cut pe invertor on-grid, singura solu\u021bie este demontarea aparatului \u0219i cump\u0103rarea altuia. Nu exist\u0103 modernizare. De aceea, chiar \u0219i cu buget limitat, proiect\u0103m de la \u00eenceput pe invertor hibrid \u0219i l\u0103s\u0103m acumulatorii pentru mai t\u00e2rziu \u2014 se pl\u0103te\u0219te o singur\u0103 dat\u0103 pentru aceea\u0219i lucrare.<\/p>\n<h2>Din ce este alc\u0103tuit\u0103 o sta\u021bie<\/h2>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto; margin:20px 0;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; min-width:560px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">Componenta<\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">Ce face<\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 dac\u0103 este aleas\u0103 gre\u0219it<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Panourile fotovoltaice<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">transform\u0103 lumina \u00een curent continuu<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">putere insuficient\u0103 sau umbrire nesocotit\u0103 \u2014 produc\u021bie sub a\u0219tept\u0103ri \u00een fiecare an<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Invertorul<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">transform\u0103 DC \u00een AC \u0219i conduce sistemul<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">tipul gre\u0219it se schimb\u0103 doar prin \u00eenlocuire complet\u0103<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Structura de montaj<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">\u021bine panourile pe acoperi\u0219 sau pe sol<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">corodare, infiltra\u021bii \u00een acoperi\u0219, deplasare la v\u00e2nt puternic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Cablurile, conectorii, tablourile<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">transport\u0103 curentul \u00een siguran\u021b\u0103<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">\u00eenc\u0103lzire, pierderi, risc de incendiu pe partea DC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Protec\u021biile (supratensiune, sec\u021bionare)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">opresc sistemul la avarie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">echipament nesigur \u0219i probleme la recep\u021bia lucr\u0103rii<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Contorul bidirec\u021bional<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">m\u0103soar\u0103 separat energia dat\u0103 \u0219i cea luat\u0103<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">f\u0103r\u0103 el mecanismul de compensare nu poate func\u021biona<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Monitorizarea<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">arat\u0103 produc\u021bia \u0219i consumul \u00een timp real<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">o defec\u021biune poate trece neobservat\u0103 luni \u00eentregi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Acumulatorul (op\u021bional)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">p\u0103streaz\u0103 surplusul pentru sear\u0103 \u0219i pentru avarii<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">capacitate gre\u0219it\u0103 \u2014 bani imobiliza\u021bi f\u0103r\u0103 efect<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2>C\u00e2t produce un kilowat \u00een Moldova: cifre, nu promisiuni<\/h2>\n<p>Acesta este locul unde majoritatea textelor de pe internet se opresc la \u201edepinde\u201d. Nu depinde chiar de orice: se calculeaz\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Datele de mai jos sunt din <strong>PVGIS<\/strong>, instrumentul deschis al Centrului Comun de Cercetare al Comisiei Europene, pentru <strong>1 kW instalat, panouri cristaline, \u00eenclinare 35\u00b0, orientare sud, pierderi de sistem 14 %<\/strong> (valoarea implicit\u0103, care include cabluri, invertor, murd\u0103rie \u0219i temperatur\u0103).<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto; margin:20px 0;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; min-width:360px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">Localitate<\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">Produc\u021bie anual\u0103, kWh la 1 kW instalat<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Cahul<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">1 206<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Chi\u0219in\u0103u<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">1 168<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">B\u0103l\u021bi<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">1 130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Adic\u0103 o sta\u021bie de 10 kW la Chi\u0219in\u0103u produce \u00een jur de 11 700 kWh pe an \u00een aceste condi\u021bii. Cifra se verific\u0103: acelea\u0219i date sunt confirmate de un al doilea set, independent \u2014 NASA POWER d\u0103 pentru Chi\u0219in\u0103u 1 307 kWh\/m\u00b2 pe an pe plan orizontal, fa\u021b\u0103 de 1 336 la PVGIS, o diferen\u021b\u0103 de 2,2 %.<\/p>\n<h3>De ce iarna se produce de aproape patru ori mai pu\u021bin<\/h3>\n<p>Produc\u021bia lunar\u0103 la Chi\u0219in\u0103u, tot pentru 1 kW instalat:<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto; margin:20px 0;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; min-width:400px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">Luna<\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">kWh<\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">Luna<\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">kWh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Ianuarie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">40<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Iulie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">144<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Februarie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">54<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">August<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">142<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Martie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">101<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Septembrie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">118<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Aprilie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">121<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Octombrie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Mai<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">132<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Noiembrie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Iunie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">136<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Decembrie<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00centre iulie \u0219i decembrie diferen\u021ba este de 3,7 ori. Motivele sunt ziua mai scurt\u0103, soarele mai jos pe cer \u0219i nebulozitatea. De aceea o sta\u021bie corect dimensionat\u0103 <strong>nu<\/strong> se proiecteaz\u0103 dup\u0103 consumul din iulie: se proiecteaz\u0103 dup\u0103 consumul anual, iar sezonul se echilibreaz\u0103 prin mecanismul de compensare cu re\u021beaua.<\/p>\n<p>Cine promite \u201eindependen\u021b\u0103 total\u0103 \u00een decembrie\u201d f\u0103r\u0103 acumulator \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 re\u021bea vinde altceva dec\u00e2t fizic\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u00e2t pierde\u021bi dac\u0103 acoperi\u0219ul nu este spre sud<\/h3>\n<p>Acelea\u0219i condi\u021bii, Chi\u0219in\u0103u, doar orientarea \u0219i \u00eenclinarea se schimb\u0103:<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto; margin:20px 0;\">\n<table style=\"width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; min-width:420px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">Orientarea \u0219i \u00eenclinarea pantei<\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">kWh pe an la 1 kW<\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px; background:#f5f5f5; text-align:left;\">Fa\u021b\u0103 de sud<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Sud, 35\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">1 168<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">100 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Sud, 20\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">1 136<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">97 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Sud-est, 35\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">1 104<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">95 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Sud-vest, 35\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">1 098<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">94 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Sud, 10\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">1 083<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">93 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Acoperi\u0219 plat, 0\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">1 005<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">86 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Est, 35\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">937<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">80 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Vest, 35\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">925<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">79 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">Nord, 35\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">623<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #ccc; padding:8px 10px;\">53 %<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Concluzia practic\u0103: <strong>un acoperi\u0219 spre sud-est sau sud-vest pierde doar 5\u20136 %<\/strong> \u2014 nu este un motiv de renun\u021bare. Est \u0219i vest cost\u0103 o cincime din produc\u021bie, dar r\u0103m\u00e2n utilizabile, mai ales dac\u0103 consumul este diminea\u021ba sau seara. Nordul se ia \u00een calcul doar c\u00e2nd nu exist\u0103 alt\u0103 suprafa\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<h2>Ce limiteaz\u0103 puterea \u00een Moldova<\/h2>\n<p>Fizica este aceea\u0219i peste tot, re\u021beaua nu. Aici sunt dou\u0103 limite despre care se afl\u0103 de obicei prea t\u00e2rziu.<\/p>\n<h3>Pe o singur\u0103 faz\u0103 \u2014 maximum 8 kW<\/h3>\n<p>Dac\u0103 locuin\u021ba are bran\u0219ament monofazat (220 V), operatorul limiteaz\u0103 puterea invertorului la <strong>8 kW<\/strong>. Cererile de calcul pentru sta\u021bii de 10 sau 15 kW pe o singur\u0103 faz\u0103 sunt frecvente \u0219i se lovesc de aceast\u0103 limit\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Trecerea la trifazat (380 V) se solicit\u0103 printr-o autoriza\u021bie separat\u0103 \u0219i presupune \u00eenlocuirea cablului de intrare \u0219i modificarea tabloului de distribu\u021bie. Este un proiect distinct, iar Avizul de Racordare pentru puterea final\u0103 se cere abia dup\u0103 realizarea lui.<\/p>\n<p>Solu\u021bia corect\u0103 din punct de vedere tehnic pentru un invertor de 8 kW este \u00eenc\u0103rcarea lui cu 10\u201315 kW de panouri: astfel invertorul lucreaz\u0103 la nivelul s\u0103u maxim mai multe ore pe zi.<\/p>\n<h3>Dezechilibrul fazelor \u00een casele vechi<\/h3>\n<p>O re\u021bea trifazat\u0103 ideal\u0103 \u00een interiorul unei case vechi practic nu exist\u0103. \u00cen practic\u0103, \u00een buc\u0103t\u0103rie este tras\u0103 o singur\u0103 linie pe care stau plita, cuptorul, hota \u0219i prizele de blat, iar celelalte faze duc doar iluminat.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd pe faza \u00eenc\u0103rcat\u0103 se pornesc simultan mai mul\u021bi consumatori mari \u2014 sau se pune la \u00eenc\u0103rcat o ma\u0219in\u0103 electric\u0103 \u2014 tensiunea pe ea coboar\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 180 V, iar pe fazele libere urc\u0103 compensatoriu la 230\u2013250 V. Invertorul detecteaz\u0103 eroarea \u0219i intr\u0103 \u00een protec\u021bie, deconect\u00e2nd energia \u00een toat\u0103 casa. Stabilizatoarele obi\u0219nuite nu ajut\u0103, pentru c\u0103 nu elimin\u0103 cauza.<\/p>\n<p>De aceea, \u00eenainte de a depune documentele, facem un audit energetic preliminar al obiectivului. Dac\u0103 g\u0103sim dezechilibru, cerem redistribuirea sarcinilor pe faze \u2014 abia dup\u0103 aceea sta\u021bia lucreaz\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eentreruperi.<\/p>\n<h2>Unde se duce surplusul<\/h2>\n<p>Ziua, o sta\u021bie corect dimensionat\u0103 produce mai mult dec\u00e2t consum\u0103 casa \u00een acel moment. Surplusul are dou\u0103 destina\u021bii posibile:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>re\u021beaua<\/strong>, prin contorul bidirec\u021bional, \u00een cadrul mecanismului de compensare. Re\u021beaua devine un fel de \u201erezervor virtual\u201d: vara se d\u0103, iarna se ia. Aceasta este schema on-grid, cea mai ieftin\u0103 \u0219i cea mai rapid amortizabil\u0103;<\/li>\n<li><strong>acumulatorul<\/strong>, dac\u0103 sistemul este hibrid. Cost\u0103 mai mult, dar ofer\u0103 energie seara \u0219i la avarii \u00een re\u021bea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Alegerea \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 nu este o chestiune de gust, ci de profil de consum \u0219i de buget \u2014 \u0219i, cum am ar\u0103tat mai sus, se face <strong>o singur\u0103 dat\u0103<\/strong>, la etapa de proiect.<\/p>\n<h2>Cum arat\u0103 asta pe obiectele noastre<\/h2>\n<p>Teoria de mai sus se vede pe sta\u021bii reale, montate \u0219i puse \u00een func\u021biune:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eprime.md\/statie-fotovoltaica-3-kw-pirlita\/\">Sta\u021bie fotovoltaic\u0103 3 kW la P\u00eerli\u021ba<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eprime.md\/centrala-fotovoltaica-de-6-kw-in-chisinau-str-muncesti\/\">Central\u0103 fotovoltaic\u0103 6 kW la Chi\u0219in\u0103u, str. Munce\u0219ti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eprime.md\/8-kw-market-basarabeanca\/\">8 kW pentru un market la Basarabeasca<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eprime.md\/statie-fotovoltaica-15-kw-durlesti\/\">Central\u0103 fotovoltaic\u0103 15 kW la Durle\u0219ti<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eprime.md\/centrala-fotovoltaica-30-kw-evk-international\/\">30 kW pentru EVK International<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eprime.md\/centrala-fotovoltaica-50-kw-amialex-an\/\">50 kW la Amialex-AN<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente<\/h2>\n<h3>Panourile func\u021bioneaz\u0103 iarna \u0219i pe vreme \u00eennorat\u0103?<\/h3>\n<p>Da, dar produc mai pu\u021bin. La Chi\u0219in\u0103u, un kilowat instalat d\u0103 144 kWh \u00een iulie \u0219i 39 kWh \u00een decembrie \u2014 o diferen\u021b\u0103 de 3,7 ori. Pe vreme \u00eennorat\u0103 produc\u021bia scade, dar nu se opre\u0219te: celula lucreaz\u0103 cu lumina difuz\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Se poate monta o sta\u021bie de 15 kW dac\u0103 am o singur\u0103 faz\u0103?<\/h3>\n<p>Nu. Pe bran\u0219ament monofazat operatorul limiteaz\u0103 invertorul la 8 kW. Pentru mai mult este nevoie de trecerea la trifazat, care se solicit\u0103 printr-o autoriza\u021bie separat\u0103 \u0219i presupune \u00eenlocuirea cablului de intrare \u0219i modificarea tabloului.<\/p>\n<h3>Pot ad\u0103uga acumulatori peste c\u00e2\u021biva ani?<\/h3>\n<p>Doar dac\u0103 invertorul este hibrid de la \u00eenceput. La un invertor on-grid acumulatorul nu se poate conecta fizic, iar modernizarea nu exist\u0103 \u2014 se \u00eenlocuie\u0219te aparatul.<\/p>\n<h3>Acoperi\u0219ul meu este spre est. Are sens?<\/h3>\n<p>Are. La Chi\u0219in\u0103u, o pant\u0103 spre est produce 80 % din c\u00e2t ar produce aceea\u0219i putere orientat\u0103 spre sud. Sud-estul \u0219i sud-vestul pierd doar 5\u20136 %.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u0103pada de pe panouri trebuie cur\u0103\u021bat\u0103?<\/h3>\n<p>Panourile sunt montate \u00eenclinat \u0219i \u00een cele mai multe cazuri z\u0103pada alunec\u0103 singur\u0103. Cur\u0103\u021barea for\u021bat\u0103 cu unelte dure risc\u0103 s\u0103 zg\u00e2rie sticla. Produc\u021bia din decembrie \u0219i ianuarie este oricum cea mai mic\u0103 din an \u0219i nu determin\u0103 rentabilitatea.<\/p>\n<h3>Panourile trebuie \u00eentre\u021binute?<\/h3>\n<p>O sta\u021bie corect proiectat\u0103 cere verific\u0103ri periodice \u0219i cur\u0103\u021bare sezonier\u0103. Nu are piese \u00een mi\u0219care, deci nu are consumabile ca un generator.<\/p>\n<h3>De ce se face audit \u00eenainte de proiect?<\/h3>\n<p>Ca s\u0103 nu se instaleze echipament pe o re\u021bea interioar\u0103 care nu \u00eel poate sus\u021bine. Dezechilibrul fazelor \u00eentr-o cas\u0103 veche duce la oprirea \u00een protec\u021bie a invertorului, iar problema nu se rezolv\u0103 cu stabilizatoare.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vre\u021bi s\u0103 \u0219ti\u021bi ce putere este potrivit\u0103 pentru casa sau afacerea dumneavoastr\u0103?<\/strong> Analiz\u0103m consumul din ultimele 12 luni, verific\u0103m acoperi\u0219ul \u0219i tipul de bran\u0219ament \u0219i propunem o configura\u021bie realist\u0103, cu produc\u021bia estimat\u0103 lun\u0103 de lun\u0103. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprime.md\/despre-noi\/contacte\/\">Solicita\u021bi calculul<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Panourile func\u021bioneaz\u0103 iarna \u0219i pe vreme \u00eennorat\u0103?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Da, dar produc mai pu\u021bin. 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Produc\u021bia din decembrie \u0219i ianuarie este oricum cea mai mic\u0103 din an \u0219i nu determin\u0103 rentabilitatea.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Panourile trebuie \u00eentre\u021binute?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"O sta\u021bie corect proiectat\u0103 cere verific\u0103ri periodice \u0219i cur\u0103\u021bare sezonier\u0103. Nu are piese \u00een mi\u0219care, deci nu are consumabile ca un generator.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"De ce se face audit \u00eenainte de proiect?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Ca s\u0103 nu se instaleze echipament pe o re\u021bea interioar\u0103 care nu \u00eel poate sus\u021bine. Dezechilibrul fazelor \u00eentr-o cas\u0103 veche duce la oprirea \u00een protec\u021bie a invertorului, iar problema nu se rezolv\u0103 cu stabilizatoare.\"}}]}<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 panourile solare: de la lumin\u0103 la priza din cas\u0103 Un panou solar transform\u0103 lumina \u00een curent electric f\u0103r\u0103 piese \u00een mi\u0219care, f\u0103r\u0103 zgomot \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 combustibil. Sun\u0103 simplu, dar \u00eentre fotonul care love\u0219te sticla \u0219i becul care se aprinde sunt cinci pa\u0219i \u0219i cel pu\u021bin \u0219ase componente, iar de fiecare dintre ele depinde [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24936","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0414\u0415\u041c\u041e \u2014 Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 panourile solare (\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435) - ePrime<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Efectul fotovoltaic, rolul invertorului \u0219i c\u00e2t produce un kilowat instalat \u00een Moldova: 1 168 kWh pe an la Chi\u0219in\u0103u. 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